Glass Metal Bonds
Glass-to-Metal Bonds Glass and metal can bond together by purely mechanical means which gives weaker joints, or by chemical interaction where the oxide layer on the metal surface forms a robust bond with the glass. The acid-base reactions are main causes of interaction between glass-metal within the presence of metal oxides on the surface of metal. After complete dissolution of the surface oxides into the glass, further interaction depends on oxygen activity at the interface. The oxygen activity are often increased by diffusion of the molecular oxygen through defects. Also the reduction of the thermodynamically less stable components within the glass and releasing the oxygen ions can increase the oxygen activity at the interface. The redox reactions herein are the main causes of interaction between glass-metal within the absence of metal oxides on the surface of the metal. To achieve a vacuum-tight glass metal seal , the glass metal seal must not contain any bubbles. Bubbles are typ...